300 !!!

300 !!! - Discovery of the Yellow Streak Darter
Species #300 on the Singapore Checklist

And so, after many years, Singapore's Butterfly Checklist has passed the 300 mark once again. The early authors had recorded at least up to 361 species (Ref : Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula and Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore), but many have gone extinct or have not been reliabily seen in the past two decades. At the same time, many new species not recorded by the early authors have also be documented and added to the checklist.

It was a memorable outing for ButterflyCircle members on 26 Feb 2011. It was on this day that BC members re-discovered the Wanderer. Amidst the excitement of finally seeing that elusive species in Singapore, there was another less attractive butterfly that was shot by BC member Simon Sng. Coincidentally, this outing was organised by Simon and it is a well-deserved 'prize' that Simon bagged with the shot of this skipper which will be recorded as Singapore's 300th species.

Simon's shot is the first one taken of this species in Singapore

Although Simon's record shot was not of his usual standard of photography, it was sharp enough to show that this species was not anything that has been seen in Singapore before. The deep yellow undersides marked with rather distinctive markings revealed that this was a species that is new to Singapore.

A bit of artistic licence to dramatise the celebration of the 300th species in Singapore! Image copyright © Warner Bros

With this species, we have reached the 300 mark - a long way from the time when veteran Steven Neo started recording a checklist for Singapore in the early 90's. Species that Steven documented, like the Red Base Jezebel, Common Pierrot and Pointed Palmfly, to name a few, have yet to be seen again in Singapore since the days he was active in maintaining the Singapore Checklist.

Another shot of the Yellow Streak Darter taken by Simon on 26 Feb 2011

Steven and I co-wrote a paper in the Gardens' Bulletin Singapore, a refereed journal by the National Parks Board in 1997. The paper, entitled "Butterfly Biodiversity in Singapore with Particular Reference to the Central Catchment Nature Reserve" was published in Issue 49 (1997) of the Gardens Bulletin. The paper appears on pages 273-296 of the publication. Back then, armed with film SLRs and a net, we managed to record only 236 butterfly species in Singapore.

With the growth of ButterflyCircle's membership in the 2000's and especially after 2005, and over the past 5-6 years, we have added a total of 64 additional species to the Singapore Checklist. With more eyes (and sharp lenses) over the years, and hardworking members of ButterflyCircle have added a number of rare species to the Checklist. When ButterflyCircle launched its Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore in Oct 2010, we had reached a total of 296 species.

Coming back to our little "Spartan" species #300, - Long-time butterfly photographer, Simon knew at once that he had shot something different, though the butterfly sped off after he shot it. When Simon showed me the skipper, I was also stumped as I'd never seen this species before in my years of collecting and studying butterflies.

At BC's forums, other experts joined in and we narrowed it to a Salanoemia sp. with the closest recorded species being Salanoemia similis in Malaysia. Determined to nail down the ID of this mystery species, I went to the same location on Pulau Ubin the next day, and after about 3 hours of searching, the yellow skipper zipped right in front of me. With better shots of the skipper, we concluded that the skipper is a Yellow Streak Darter (Salanoemia tavoyana), as the distinctive markings of this individual puts the ID well beyond doubt, after cross-referencing to various books and internet resources.

What is surprising is that C&P4 states that this species is found in Kedawi (Kedah and Langkawi in the north of the Malay Peninsula) and Myanmar. How it appeared so far south of its normal geographical distribution is beyond our comprehension. We found a caterpillar near the location where this individual was shot, so we hope that we may have discovered the early stages of this species as well.

The pristine individual observed suggests that it may have eclosed recently, and is definitely not the condition that a butterfly would be in, if it had migrated to Singapore after a long flight. So will we see more of this species in future? It's anybody's guess. But in future, we will surely take a second look at any yellow skipper that flies in our paths.

So Singapore welcomes its 300th species on 26 Feb 2011. There will certainly be more to come, and we have already confirmed the existence of species #301! Watch this space!

Text by Khew SK ; Photos by Khew SK & Simon Sng

References :

• [C&P4] The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malaysian Nature Society.
• Butterflies of West Malaysia & Singapore, W.A. Fleming, 2nd Edition, Longmans
• Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006

Acknowledgements :

• Special thanks to Dr Laurence Kirton of FRIM for his comments on the ID of this species.

Metallic Caerulean - Dark Days Ahead?

The Metallic Caerulean - Dark Days Ahead?

What's the future of the Metallic Caerulean in Singapore?

With the government's plans to go ahead with the Mandai Nature Cluster to complement existing nature attractions in that area, it was confirmed in Dec 2010 that the Mandai Orchid Garden as many of us know it, will be no more. The Mandai Orchid Garden, which was set up in 1951, will make way for new attractions, which are yet to be announced. So ends a 60-year tourist attraction and a favourite 'playground' of many nature photographers in Singapore.

A female Metallic Caerulean lays her eggs on the mature flower of the Torch Ginger

Mandai Orchid Garden (or MOG) is also the location where the Metallic Caerulean (Jamides alecto ageladas) can be regularly observed. Often, this little Lycaenid can be seen in numbers, fluttering around in the vicinity of their caterpillar host plant - the Torch Ginger (Nicolaia elatior), also known as Bunga Kantan. The caterpillars feed on the flowers of the Torch Ginger. The complete life history of the Metallic Caerulean has been recorded in this blog.

The caterpillar of the Metallic Caerulean feeds on the mature flowers of the Torch Ginger

The flower buds of the Torch Ginger has been described as "the soul" of many Peranakan dishes, the most famous of which is Penang (Assam) Laksa. Without this critical ingredient, the aromatic dish loses its flavour. The Torch Ginger is hence cultivated and the flower buds harvested for this culinary purpose.

There are many gardens in Singapore where the Torch Ginger is cultivated, like the Singapore Botanic Gardens' Ginger Garden. A very large clump of the plant can also be found at the Secret Garden on Pulau Ubin, but the flower buds are harvested (probably by the villagers) long before they bloom, leaving the clump usually devoid of flowers for the caterpillars of the Metallic Caerulean.

With the closing down of MOG, the Metallic Caerulean's favourite haunt may soon be gone. It is not known what the plans for the site where they are regularly seen are, but it is likely that the Water Garden of MOG may be cleared as it is being redeveloped with the new proposals.

ButterflyCircle engaged a couple of organisations with the hope of translocating the species to a habitat where there is a large clump of Torch Ginger and where the habitat is conducive for the Metallic Caerulean to thrive.

The Singapore Zoo responded to the call with much enthusiasm. After a visit to the location with Wildlife Reserves' CEO, Ms Fanny Lai and her staff to survey the MOG site where the Metallic Caerulean were often seen, the Zoo staff swung into action the following week, starting with a phased transplanting of the Torch Ginger to a new location in the Zoo.

Given the proximity of the Zoo to MOG, and the creation of a habitat that is hopefully attractive to the Metallic Caerulean, the first batch of the Torch Ginger plants from MOG was transplanted to a patch opposite the Fragile Forest. Some mature flowers were already amongst the plants that were transplanted, and hopefully these contain the next generation of the butterflies.

The Torch Ginger plants are transplanted to their new home at the Singapore Zoo

As the MOG site still has a bit of time before being cleared for the new development, the transplanting and translocation of the Metallic Caerulean will be carried out in phases. This is to allow the butterflies to adapt to the new location, whilst their original "home" can still continue to allow the butterflies to breed as they have done over the years. Full transplanting of all the Torch Gingers to the Zoo will take place when the plans for MOG are fully made known.

Whilst it is a pity that the MOG will be gone, and that the Metallic Caerulean is threatened, there is still a glimmer of hope that this translocation exercise will be successful and the butterfly species will continue to thrive in their new home at the Zoo.

ButterflyCircle would like to express its thanks to the Singapore Zoo's staff, and in particular their CEO, Ms Fanny Lai, for supporting this effort to conserve Singapore's butterfly biodiversity. Whilst there is no guarantee that the species can be conserved successfully, this is an important collaborative effort made by organisations like the Singapore Zoo to promote the conservation of Singapore's natural heritage.

We hope that the Metallic Caerulean will continue to survive in Singapore for the years to come.

Text by Khew SK ; Photos by Khew SK, Henry Koh, Horace Tan, Anthony Wong, Mark Wong, and the Singapore Zoo.

Article on the Torch Ginger Transplant courtesy of the Singapore Zoo, taken from its online magazine "Wildlife Times"

Life History of the Malayan Eggfly

Life History of the Malayan Eggfly (Hypolimnas anomala anomala)

Butterfly Biodata:
Genus: Hypolimnas Hübner, 1819
Species: anomala Wallace, 1869
Subspecies: anomala Wallace, 1869, f. nivas Fruhstorfer, 1913
Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 75mm
Caterpillar Local Host Plant: Pipturus argentus (Urticaceae, common name: Australian Mulberry).


A Malayan Eggfly -f anomala perching on a vine in a wasteland.


A puddling Malayan Eggfly -f nivas.


A Malayan Eggfly -f anomala featuring prominent blue gloss on the forewing upperside.

Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:
On both upper- and undersides, the wings are dark brown. Both fore- and hindwings have a submarginal series of small white spots and a full post-discal series of white spots. Two forms (-f anomala and -f nivas) of the adults occur in Singapore. In form -f nivas, the hindwing has a diffuse white post-discal band which is absent in the more common form -f anomala. Some specimens also feature a brilliant blue-gloss on the forewing upperside (see the picture above). The Malayan Eggfly is considered a mimic of Euploea species, and is subject to varying degrees of variation among individuals.

Upperside shots of puddling Malayan Eggfly adults. Left: -f anomala; Right: -f nivas.


Malayan Eggfly. Left: -f anomala; Right: -f nivas.

Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour:
This species frequents lowland forests and is relatively common in Singapore, especially at locations where its host plant is growing, typically in wastelands, hill parks and fringe of nature reserves. Adults have been sighted visiting flowers and puddling in their habitats. Perching adults have the habit of defending its territory by engaging in dog fights with other intruding butterflies.


A Malayan Eggfly -f anomala visiting Syzygium flowers.


A Malayan Eggfly -f anomala visiting Ixora flowers.

Early Stages:
The caterpillars of the Malayan Eggfly feed on leaves of the sole local host plant, the Australian Mulberry. The caterpillars are gregarious (living in groups) in all stages, and they typically occur in such large numbers that they easily defoliate one whole plant before moving on to the next one in the vicinity. One noteworthy point is that the Malayan Eggfly caterpillars are observed to show no interest in eating their shed exuvia after each molt. It is common to observe a large collection of such exuvia in an infested tree in the wild.

Local host plant: Pipturus argentus. A close-up on fruits is given in the right panel.


A mating pair of the Malayan Eggfly.

Two views of a mother Malayan Eggfly standing guard over its eggs.

A view of the cluster of Malayan Eggfly eggs laid on the underside of a leaf.

The eggs of the Malayan Eggfly are laid in a large cluster (up to several hundreds) on the underside of a leaf of the host plant by the mother butterfly. The mother has the habit of standing guard over its eggs, and could stay in the sentry position for a very long period of time. At times, worn and dead mother butterflies could be found in this on-guard posture close to either the developing eggs or early instars of its offspring.

A worn and tattered mother Malayan Eggfly still keeping "an eye" on its offspring (likely 2nd instar) a week after it (in pristine condition) was found standing guard over its eggs (shown in an earlier picture) .

Each egg is golden in colour and somewhat globular in shape. Nine ridges run from the micropylar at the top to the base where the egg is adhered to the leaf surface. Numerous inconspicuous striations runs horizontally between these vertical ridges. Each egg has a diameter of about 0.5-0.6mm, and a height of about 0.7mm.

Two views of an egg of the Malayan Eggfly.


Two views of a mature egg of the Malayan Eggfly. The head capsule is now visible through the egg shell.


A group of mature eggs of the Malayan Eggfly.

The egg takes about 3-4 days to hatch. The young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell. Much of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched which is 1.9mm in length. It has a cylindrical and yellowish golden body covered with many small and dark tubercles. Long, fine and dark-colored setae emanate from these tubercles. The head capsule is black, mostly round in shape with no visible horns.

Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar of the Malayan Eggfly, length: 1.9mm.


Two views of 1st instar caterpillar of the Malayan Eggfly, length: 3mm.

The 1st instar caterpillar feeds on the lamina of young leaves, and this diet gives the caterpillar body a strong undertone of dark green. After reaching about 3.5mm in 2.53.5days, the caterpillar moults to the 2nd instar.

One late L1 among a group of freshly moulted L2 caterpillars. Note the shed L1 head capsules.

The body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish brown in base color with a darkgreen undertone. The same layout of tubercles as seen in the earlier instar is still present, but now short and stubby processes raise from tubercles, and serveral short and fine setae branches from each of these processes. The head capsule is black with two tiny and short apical horns. This instar lasts about 2-3 days with the body length reaching about 6.5-7.5mm.

Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 2mm.


A group of 2nd instar caterpillars.


A group of late 2nd instar (marked by red arrows) and early 3rd instar caterpillars.

The 3rd instar caterpillar resembles the 2nd instar caterpillar closely. Two changes are discernible upon a close examination. The first is the increase in the length of the setae-bearing processes covering the body surface. The second is the increase in the length of the two cephalic horns. This instar takes about 2.5-3.5 days to complete with body length reaching about 10-11mm.

Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 8mm.


Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, late in this stage, length: 10mm.


A group of late 3rd instar and early 4th instar caterpillars.

The 4th instar caterpillar closely resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar, but with visibly longer body processes and cephalic horns. The body color is dark brown to black. This instar lasts 2.5-3.5 days with the body length reaching about 14-15mm.

An early 4th instar caterpillar (top), length:10mm, and a late 4th instar caterpillar, length: 13.5mm.


Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 12.5mm.


A group of mostly 4th instar caterpillars defoliating a plant in a wasteland.

The 5th (and penultimate) instar caterpillar has much longer body processes which have become yellowish brown to golden in color. The pair of cephalic horn is now so long that it is roughly equal to the vertical length of the head capsule. The head is also changes from an entirely black coloration to one with intermingling patches of black and reddish brown.

Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 17.5mm.

Head capsules of a 5th instar caterpillar (left) and a 6th instar caterpillar (right).

Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, later in this stage, length: 22mm.

The 5th instar lasts for 3-4 days and has its length reaches up to 32mm before the next moult.

A group of 5th instar caterpillars.


Two views of a 5th instar catepillar, late in this stage, length: 32mm..

The 6th (and final) instar caterpillar has rather prominent golden dendrite processes and its cephalic horns is now nearly twice the vertical length of its head capsule. The head capsule has changed to reddisk brown in color, but cephalic horns remain entrely black. This final instar lasts for 4-5 days, and the body length reaches up to 50mm.

Two views of a freshly moulted 6th instar caterpillar, length: 30mm.


A large group of final instar caterpillars found in the field.


Two views of a 6th instar caterpillar, late in this stage, length: 50mm.

On the last day, the caterpillar ceases feeding and wanders around in search of a pupation. In the field, pupation sites have been found at a sizeable distance away from the infested host plant. The pupation site could be the underside of a leaf (not necessary that of the host plant) and stems/branches of a chosen plant. At this site, the caterpillar spins a silk pad from which it hangs vertically to take on the pre-pupatory pose.

A pre-pupa of the Malayan Eggfly.

A pre-pupatory larva assuming its "hanging" posture, and the subsequent pupation event half-day later.

Pupation takes place about 0.5 days later. The pupa suspends itself from the silk pad with no supporting silk girdle. It is entirely pale to golden brown. Dorso-laterally there are several rows of dark brown spiky processes. In the wing cases, the veins are marked in dark brown. Length of pupae: 19-21mm.

Three views of a pupa of the Malayan Eggfly.

Three views of a mature pupa of the Malayan Eggfly.

After about 6 days of development, the pupa turns dark as the pupal skin becomes translucent and the coloration and the markings on the forewing upperside become discernible as a result. The eclosion event takes place the next day.

A Malayan Eggfly emerges from its pupal case.

A newly eclosed Malayan Eggfly resting on its pupal case.

References:

• [C&P4] The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society.
• Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006

Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Benjamin Yam, Koh Cher Hern, Loke P F, Anthony Wong, Federick Ho and Horace Tan