Life History of the Mottled Emigrant

Life History of the Mottled Emigrant (Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe)

Butterfly Biodata:
Genus: Catopsilia Hübner, 1819
Species: pyranthe Linnaeus, 1, 1758
Subspecies: pyranthe Linnaeus, 1, 1758
Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 65mm
Caterpillar Local Host Plants: Senna alata (Leguminosae, common name: Seven Golden Candlesticks)


A Mottled Emigrant perching on a grass blade.


Another Mottled Emigrant sighted on its perch in an urban park where its host plant is found.

Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:
Above, the wings are greenish white and the forewing has a black apical border and a black cell-end spot. This black border and the cell-end spot are respectively broader and larger in the female than in the male. Beneath, the wings are of a darker and greenish-ochreous hue and there are many rather faint and short transverse striae in reddish brown, giving it a "mottled" appearance.

A newly eclosed female Mottled Emigrant resting near its pupal case.


Another newly eclosed Mottled Emigrant.

Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour: The Mottled Emigrant is described in C&P4 as being the commonest and most widespread species of Catopsilia in Malaya. However, the reverse is true in Singapore as it is the rarest of the three Catopsilia species locally. The fast flying adults are typically found at the fringes of nature reserves or in a few wastelands where its host plant, Senna alata, is growing. In addition, where this plant is cultivated, it is likely that Mottled Emigrant will make its appearance as well.

Early Stages:
The host plant, Senna alata, is a shrub up to 3m high with flowers growing in columns resembling fat candlesticks. The leaves are simple pinnate with large leaflets, each of which is 50-80mm long. The caterpillars of the Mottled Emigrant feed on the relatively young to middle-aged leaflets.

Host plant: Senna alata (Seven Golden Candlesticks).


A mating pair of the Mottled Emigrant.

The eggs of the Mottled Emigrant are laid singly on the upperside of a leaflet of the host plant. At times, more than one egg can be found on the same leaflet. The long spindle shaped egg is laid standing at one end with a length of about 1.7-1.8mm. It is white in color with vertical ridges and numerous indistinct and intermittent horizontal ridge lines. The micropylar sits at the tip of the standing egg.

Left: fresh egg. Right: mature egg showing the head at the hole near the top.

The egg takes about 2 days to hatch. The newly hatched has a length of about 2.7mm and has a pale white to yellow head capsule. It has a cylindrical and pale yellowish green body featuring dorsal, dorso-lateral and lateral rows of small tubercles running lengthwise. Each tubercle has a short seta emerging from the middle of it.


Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, early in this stgae, length: 2.8mm.

After hatching, the young caterpillar eats the empty egg shell for its first meal, and then moves on to eat the leaf lamina. The growth is fast paced and the body length reaches about 4.5mm in this 1st instar which lasts just 1.0-1.5 days.

Two views of a late 1st Instar caterpillar hours before its moult, length: 4mm.

The 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish green in color on both body segments and the head. The body is covered in rings (about six for each body segment) of numerous small black tubercles from which very short setae emerge. The head capsule also features numerous similar tubercles. This instar lasts about 1-1.5 days with the body length reaching 8-9mm.


Two view of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 4.1mm

The 3rd instar caterpillar resembles the 2nd instar caterpillar closely except for the appearance of a faint whitish lateral lines. Towards the end of this instar, a faint yellow line also appears on the upper edge of this white line. This instar takes about 2-2.5 days to complete with body length reaching about 12-14mm.


3rd instar caterpillars. Top: 9mm. Bottom: 12mm.

The white-yellow stacked lateral line on the 4th instar caterpillar is much more prominent. Furthermore, the first or first 2 rows of dark tubercles above this lateral line are larger with a bluish shine, thus forming prominent outline to the white-yellow line. This penultimate instar lasts 2-2.5 days with body length reaching about 23-25mm.


Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 14mm.


Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, late in thie stage, length: 24mm


A close-up view of the stacked white-yellow line and row/rows of larger black tubercles above.

The 5th and final instar caterpillar resembles the 4th instar caterpillar closely with no obvious changes. The 5th instar lasts for 2.5-3 days, and the body length reaches up to 41-45mm.


Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, newly moulted, length: 26mm.

5th instar caterpillars. Top: 39mm. Bottom: 45mm.

On the last day of the 5th instar, the body of the caterpillar shortens and changes to a dull shade of pale green. It ceases feeding and comes to rest on the midrib on the underside of a leaflet or the stem/stalk on the host plant. Here the caterpillar spins a silk pad and a silk girdle to secure itself and then becomes immobile in its pre-pupatory pose.

A pre-pupatory larva of the Mottled Emigrant on the leaf underside.


Pupation takes place about 0.5 day later. The pupa secures itself with the same silk girdle as in the pre-pupal stage, but with cremaster replacing claspers in attaching the posterior end to the silk pad on the stem. The pupa has a pointed head, and its yellowish green body has a yellow lateral line on each side. There is a dorsal protrusion with a yellow ridge line on the thorax. The keel formed by the tapering wing case is much less pronounced than those seen in the Eurema spp.

Length of pupae: 28-29mm.

The pupation event of a Mottled Emigrant caterpillar.

Two views of the pupa of a Mottled Emigrant.

Two views of the mature pupa of a female Mottled Emigrant.
The now transparent wing pad shows the broad black border and cell spot.

After about 5 days of development, the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end. The yellow coloration and black borders on the forewing upperside are now discernible. The following day, the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case.

The eclosion sequence of a male Mottled Emigrant.

A newly eclosed Mottled Emigrant drying its wings on its pupal case.

References:

• The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society. [C&P4]
• Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006

Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Jason Ng, Benedict Tay, Bobby Mun, Anthony Wong and Horace Tan

Return to Semakau

Return to Semakau
A Hot Sunday Butterfly Outing

Last Sunday, 7 Mar 2010, twelve members of ButterflyCircle made a return trip to Pulau Semakau for a butterfly survey, after the last outing over a year ago on 28 Feb 2009. The objective of this outing was to ascertain if there are more species that have been missed out in the previous surveys during the writing of the book on Semakau.

This time, the team comprised several senior members of ButterflyCircle, as well as a number of newbies going to Semakau for the first time.

The happy adventurers!

After an uneventful and short trip under an overcast morning sky, the group disembarked at the jetty on Semakau, and greeted by our bubbly host, Patrick Yu of the NEA. For the benefit of the first-timers, we did a quick tour of the waste processing facilities at the main building, before heading towards the forested patch where we did our surveys during our last few outings.

Sunny showing Federick the naval map and the islands around Singapore

By this time, the sun was out and the scorching heat of the past few days greeted us. Whilst some of us headed for the shade of the forested area, the braver members headed out to the grassland of the filled cells. Surprisingly, we did not encounter the 'commando' mosquitoes of the previous trips, and we attributed this to the hot and dry weather where all the stagnant pools of water and streams were all but parched.

ButterflyCircle members, the hunt begins!

But our butterfly friends were still up and about, and the usual Common Tigers, Tawny Costers and Grass Yellows were fluttering restlessly about the wild grasses. The shady forested areas were still active with butterflies, with the Orange Tit (Hypolycaena thecloides thecloides) flitting skittishly around the shrubs, whilst there were a few Palm Bobs still lurking around near their favourite perches.

Two Danainae - the King Crow (Euploea phaenareta castelnaui) and the Spotted Black Crow (Euploea crameri bremeri) were added to the Semakau checklist for the first time. Both were spotted in the forested patch. The Common Awls (Hasora badra badra) were found in the shady areas and behaved typically by zipping under leaves and hanging upside down. A large butterfly which appeared to resemble a Palm King (Amathusia phidippus phidippus) zoomed across my path but being unable to have a shot for positive identification, I am leaving it out of the checklist for the time being.

A mating pair of the Two Spotted Line Blue

Out in the open grasslands, the Two Spotted Line Blue (Nacaduba biocellata) was still at its favourite location under the host plant's shade. Blue Pansys and some skittish skippers abound in the long grass areas. This time around, four new Lycaenidaes were spotted. These were Pea Blue (Lampides boeticus), Gram Blue (Euchrysops cnejus cnejus), Indian Cupid (Everes lacturnus rileyi) and the Pygmy Grass Blue (Zizula hylax pygmaea) and were added to the checklist.

The hot humid weather started to take its toll on most of our members, and we retreated to the 'base camp' hut for shelter and lunch. After a rest, some of us made a second tour in the forested patch and some headed for the grassy area in the hope of spotting further new finds. However, our tally of new species spotted stopped at six.

John Lee, our fearless bee and wasp expert, was also having a field day chasing after his busy subjects.

At around 2 pm, most of us were drained by the heat, and we decided to call it a day. Happy with an additional six species to the Semakau Checklist, we called for our transport and Patrick Yu happily obliged. We were treated to a short rest at the airconditioned administration building whilst our boatman headed out from West Coast Terminal.

We bade farewall to Patrick and his NEA colleagues and boarded the boat "3931" back to the main island of Singapore. The trip back was uneventful, and some of us took the chance for a much-needed nap on the boat. Before long, we had our feet planted firmly on land again, and headed for our transport back home.

The ButterflyCircle Dozen
Back Row : L-R : Sunny, John, Horace, Ben Jin, Khew & Nelson
Front Row : L-R : Ellen, Cher Hern, Loke, Chng, Anthony & Federick

Thus ended a rather fruitful re-visit to Semakau after over a year when we last did our survey on the Landfill Island off the southern coast of Singapore island. Thanks to all ButterflyCircle members who contributed and participated in this first survey of 2010.

Updated Checklist of Butterflies Observed at Pulau Semakau (As at 7 Mar 2010)

1. Common Mormon (Papilio polytes romulus)
2. Common Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe contubernalis)
3. Three Spot Grass Yellow (Eurema blanda snelleni)
4. Striped Albatross (Appias libythea olferna)
5. Common Tiger (Danaus genutia genutia)
6. Black Veined Tiger (Danaus melanippus hegesippus)
7. Blue Glassy Tiger (Ideopsis vulgaris macrina)
8. King Crow (Euploea phaenareta castelnaui) - NEW
9. Spotted Black Crow (Euploea crameri bremeri) - NEW
10. Striped Blue Crow (Euploea mulciber mulciber)
11. Tawny Coster (Acraea violae)
12. Baron (Euthalia aconthea gurda)
13. Leopard (Phalanta phalantha phalantha)
14. Perak Lascar (Pantoporia paraka paraka)
15. Autumn Leaf (Doleschallia bisaltide bisaltide)
16. Great Eggfly (Hypolimnas bolina bolina)
17. Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya wallacei)
18. Blue Nawab (Polyura schreiber tisamenus)
19. Common Palmfly (Elymnias hypermestra agina)
20. Silver Forget-Me-Not (Catochrysops panormus exiguus)
21. Gram Blue (Euchrysops cnejus cnejus) - NEW
22. Pea Blue (Lampides boeticus) - NEW
23. Indian Cupid (Everes lacturnus rileyi) - NEW
24. Ciliate Blue (Anthene emolus goberus)
25. Centaur Oakblue (Arhopala centaurus nakula)
26. Common Tit (Hypolycaena erylus teatus)
27. (Hypolycaena thecloides thecloides)
28. Long Banded Silverline (Spindasis lohita senama)
29. Two Spotted Line Blue (Nacaduba biocellata)
30. Tailless Line Blue (Prosotas dubiosa lumpura)
31. Lesser Grass Blue (Zizina otis lampa)
32. Pygmy Grass Blue (Zizula hylax pygmaea) - NEW
33. Common Awl (Hasora badra badra)
34. Common Palm Dart (Telicota colon stinga)
35. Yellow Palm Dart (Cephrenes trichopepla)
36. Palm Bob (Suastus gremius gremius)
37. Chestnut Bob (Iambrix salsala salsala)
38. Lesser Dart (Potanthus omaha omaha)
39. Large Dart(Potanthus serina)
40. Banded Demon (Notocrypta paralysos varians)

Text by Khew SK : Photos by Sunny Chir, Chng CK, Federick Ho, Khew SK, Koh Cher Hern, Loke PF, Nelson Ong, Tan BJ, Ellen Tan & Horace Tan

Butterfly of the Month - March 2010

Butterfly of the Month - March 2010
Pale Grass Blue (Zizeeria maha serica)

This month, as signs of spring begin to emerge in the northern hemisphere after a somewhat harsh winter in many temperate countries, Singapore faced what was one of the driest months in 140 years! The National Environment Agency (NEA) in Singapore reported that February 2010 saw only 6.3mm of rain. February, traditionally one of the driest months in a typical year, was made worse by the El Nino effect, and the hot dry weather is expected to last until May.

Our butterflies though seemed to be still quite happily fluttering around, with more discoveries and new observations being recorded by members of ButterflyCircle. Whilst the news of these interesting observations will be recorded in due course on this Blog, we feature a relatively common and small Lycaenid for the month of March 2010 - The Pale Grass Blue (Zizeeria maha serica).

The Pale Grass Blue is one of our "foreign talents" that arrived in Singapore some time before 2001, and have remained ever since. A species that was not on the records and checklists of the early authors, the Pale Grass Blue was first discovered by ButterflyCircle member Steven Neo, and his son Abiel Neo back in October 2001. Steven tells me that whilst photographing butterflies at a hedge near his home one day, and after developing the film (yes, in those days, digital cameras were non-existent or exorbitantly out of reach of the masses), he got a shot of a rather strange Lycaenid that did not match the species in reference books for Malaysia/Singapore butterflies.

It remained an unidentified species until in Nov 2002 when I communicated with Col John N Eliot, the butterfly guru who was responsible for the 4th Edition of the Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula by Corbet & Pendlebury. Col Eliot confirmed that the photos of the specimens that I sent to him were indeed Zizeeria maha serica of which the type specimen originated from Hong Kong.

He opined that the little butterfly probably arrived in Singapore, aided inadvertently by human agency, as a butterfly with a wingspan of no more than 15mm was unlikely to have flown here on its own steam. Col Eliot wrote an aerogramme to me on 12 Nov 2002, and another one on 9 March 2003, discussing the discovery of Zizeeria maha serica and other news about Singapore's butterflies. Those aerogrammes are safely preserved in my archives today, and our discussion about this rather diminutive and 'insignificant' butterfly must have been one of the last few that Col Eliot wrote about.

Sadly, just about a month after he wrote to me on 9 March 2003, Col Eliot passed away on 11 Apr 2003, being well over 90 years of age then. The world of Asian Lepidoptera lost one of its foremost and most accomplished expert who had contributed immeasurably to the knowledge of butterflies in the region.

We now come back to the little butterfly, the subject of our discussion, Zizeeria maha serica or what we prefer to refer to as the Pale Grass Blue. The male of the species is light purplish blue above, with dark bluish black borders on the forewings and costal margin of the hindwings. The submarginal spots on the hindwings above separate it from the two similar looking species in Singapore - Lesser Grass Blue (Zizina otis lampa) and Pygmy Grass Blue (Zizula hylax pygmaea).

The female is predominantly dark greyish blue above. On the underside there is a series of dark spots on the forewings and hindwings. The more prominent submarginal spots and markings on both the fore and hindwings set it apart from the other two lookalike species.

The Pale Grass Blue can be found mainly in urban parks and gardens, where its preferred caterpillar host plant, Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) or the Yellow Sorrell is found. It has a rather restless erratic flight but a relatively weak flyer. It flies low and close to grassy turfs and stops to feed on wild flowers. Occasionally, individuals are observed resting in the shade with their wings folded upright.

So goes the story of one of our first discoveries of a new taxon to the Singapore butterfly fauna, and with special thanks to Steven Neo, a long time friend and a veteran butterfly enthusiast in Singapore (who is also the author of the only dedicated book on butterflies of Singapore - the Science Centre series - A Guide to the Common Butterflies of Singapore)

Text by Khew SK : Photos by Sunny Chir, Federick Ho, Khew SK & Horace Tan

References :

• The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition 1992, Malayan Nature Society
• The Malayan Nature Journal, Vol 59, Part 1, Oct 2006, Malaysian Nature Society

Life History of the Large Dart

Life History of the Large Dart (Potanthus serina)



Butterfly Biodata:
Genus: Potanthus Scudder, 1872
Species: serina Plötz, 1883
Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 32mm
Caterpillar Host Plants: Flagellaria indica (Flagellariaceae)

Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:

The Large Dart is the largest of all Potanthus species, approaching the size of a Telicota species. Above, markings are orange-yellow, with the spot in space 6 on the hindwing very small or absent, and the three apical spots are separate from the spots in spaces 4 and 5. Underneath, the markings carry an orange tinge, and the spot in space 5 on the forewing is not completely detached from that in space 6.

A female Large Dart.


A male Large Dart.

Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour:

This species is only recently re-discovered and added to the Singapore checklist. Adult sightings have so far been made in multiple habitats such as wastelands, nature reserves and mangrove areas, where the host plant can be found growing. During these sightings, adults have been observed to carry out activities such as visiting flowers, sunbathing and puddling.

Early Stages:

Host plant: Flagellaria indica. Note the coiled leaf tips and white flowers.

The host plant, Flagellaria indica, is a climber with strong but slender stems. The leaves are linear-oblong and 8-25cm long. Usually, the leaf tip ends in a coiled tendril. Flowers are white and occur in a branched terminal panicle. This plant is common in open thickets near the sea and in the local nature reserves. The caterpillars of the Large Dart feed on leaves of this plant, and live in shelters made by joining edges of a leaf together with silk threads.

Leaf shelter construction by caterpillars of the Large Dart (3rd and 5th instar).

The eggs are laid singly on the leaf, either on the basal part or on the coiled tendril. Each hemispherical egg is creamy white with a slight yellow tinge. The micropylar sits atop. The surface is covered with many tiny pits, almost indiscernible to the naked eyes. The base diameter is about 1mm.


An egg of the Large Dart laid on the coiled leaf tip.


Two views of a "fresh" egg of the Large Dart.


Two views of a developing egg. The red markings appear on day 2.


Developing eggs. Left: showing a vague outline of the developing caterpillar.
Right: fully developed and nibbling away egg shell prior to emergence.

It takes 4-5 days for the egg to hatch. The young caterpillar eats just enough of the shell to emerge, and has a length of about 2.8mm. Its has a cylindrical body shape, rather short dorso-lateral and sub-spiracular setae and a tuff of long setae on the posterior end. The head capsule is black and there is a black "colar" on the prothorax.

Newly hatched 1st instar caterpillar, length: 2.9mm

The body is initially goldenrod in colour but changes to yellowish green after a few feeding sessions on the leaf. The newly hatched constructs its leaf shelter as one of its first tasks after the hatching. Between feedings, the caterpillar retreats to its shelter for rest and safety. By the time the caterpillar lies dormant in its shelter for the moult to the 2nd instar, its length has reached 6mm. The 1st instar takes about 2.5 days to complete.

1st instar caterpillar, late in this stage, length: 5.5mm.

The 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish green in color and the short dorso-lateral and lateral setae are now absent. The anal plate still carries a few setae but these are not as long and prominent as in the 1st instar. The head is black in color and the black colar on the prothorax is retained. This instar lasts about 3 days with the body length reaching about 9.5-10mm.

2nd instar caterpillar. Lengths: 7mm (top); 9.5mm (bottom).

The 3nd instar caterpillar resembles the 2nd instar caterpillar closely in markings and coloration, with the exception that the head capsule now has elongated whitish patches running down each side of the "face". This instar lasts about 3 days with the body length reaching about 17mm.

3rd instar caterpillar, female, early in this stage. Length: 9mm.


3nd instar caterpillar, male, early in this stage. Length: 9mm.

The 4th instar caterpillar also resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar with the only visible change being the two lateral white stripes on the head capsule are now broader and more dominant. In addition, thin white outlines, in the shape of an inverted "Y", also appear within the central black marking. This instar lasts 2.5-3 days with the body length reaching up to about 22mm.

4th instar caterpillar. Lengths: 13.5mm (top); 16mm (bottom).

The 5th (and final) instar caterpillar has no visible change in markings or coloration from the 4th instar. This instar takes about 5 days to complete with the body length reaching about 35mm.

5th instar caterpillar. Lengths: 24mm (top); 32mm (bottom).

Towards the end of the 5th instar, the the body of the caterpillar shortens and its coloration changes to a translucent pale green. Soon it becomes dormant in its leaf shelter and enters the prepupatory phase which lasts for one day During this time period the body color of the pre-pupa changes to yellow, and a fair amount of silk threads and white waxy substance are deposited within the tight confine of the leaf shelter.

Two views of a pre-pupa of the Large Dart.

Pupation takes place within the tight leaf shelter. The pupa does not secure itself with any cremastral attachment nor any silk girdle. It is mainly yellow brown and has a rather long abdomen and a thorax. Length of pupae: 20-22mm.


Three views of a pupa of the Large Dart, length: 21mm

After 8 days, the pupa becomes mostly dark brown with yellow markings apparent in the wing pads. Eclosion takes place the next day.


Three views of a mature pupa of the Large Dart, shortly before the eclosion event.


A newly eclosed Large Dart.

References:

• The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society.
• Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006

Text and Photos by Horace Tan