Life History of the Philippine Swift

Life History of the Philippine Swift (Caltoris philippina )

Butterfly Biodata:
Genus: Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893
Species: philippina Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Sub-species: philippina Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 30-34mm
Caterpillar Local Host Plants: Bambusa_heterostachya (Poaceae; common name: Malay Dwarf Bamboo), Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae, common names: Common bamboo, Buloh Minyak, Buloh Kuning).

Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:

The forewing is distinctly excavate at vein 2. On the upperside, the wings are dark brown. The forewing does not have any cell spots, but  there are  hyaline spots in spaces 2,3 and 4, subapical spots in spaces 6 and 7.  In addition,  the male has a pale yellow spot in the lower half of space 1b of the forewing. On the underside, the wings are unicolourous with a strong greenish tinge.

A male Philippine Swift with partially opened wings, showing the lack of forewing cell spots.

A male  Philippine Swift with partially opened wings, showing the arrangement of spots on the forewing upperside.

Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour:

The Philippine Swift is rare in Singapore. Sightings typically took place in nature reserves or wastelands where clumps of bamboo are growing in the vicinity. The adults are usually seen perching on a leaf in a shady environment. At times, they have been observed to puddle on bird droppings.  

Early Stages:

The Philippine Swift has been bred on two bamboo spp., namely, Bambusa_heterostachya and Bambusa vulgaris. The caterpillars feed on leaves of these bamboo spp. and live in leaf shelters formed from cutting/folding leaf fragments.

Local host plant #1: Bambusa_heterostachya.

Local host plant #2: Bambusa vulgaris.

The eggs are laid singly on the upperside of a leaf of the host plant. Each hemi-spherical egg is whitish with a small reddish/orangy patch at the top where the micropyle  is situated. A number of very fine and obscure  striations running longitudinally from the micropyle to the base. The basal diameter is about 1.1mm.

Two views of an egg of the Philippine Swift.

It takes about 4.5-5 days for the egg to hatch. The young caterpillar eats just enough of the shell to emerge, and has a length of about 2.9mm. Its golden yellowish  body is cylindrical in shape and has a tuff of few moderately long setae at the posterior end. The head capsule is black. A black collar mark can be found the dorsum of the prothorax. The newly hatched nibbles away most of the egg shell remnant before proceeding to construct its first leaf shelter.

A newly hatched caterpillar eating its egg shell.

A newly hatched caterpillar in its very first leaf shelter. Further "stitching" work by the caterpillar will bring the two opposite edges together.

The body turns yellowish green after the caterpillar has a few sessions of the leaf diet. By the time the caterpillar lies dormant for its moult to the 2nd instar, its length has reached 5-5.5mm. The 1st instar takes a total of 3-3.5 days to complete.

Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, length:4.5mm.

Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length:4.9mm.

The 2nd instar caterpillar has a yellowish green body, and the head capsule is still black. The black collar mark on the prothorax has faded to just to hint of its presence. This instar lasts about 3-4 days with the body length reaching about 8.5-9.5mm.

Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 5mm.

Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 6.5mm.

The 3nd instar caterpillar still has a black head capsule but its body is now whitish with a slight hint of yellowish green. There is no longer any trace of the black collar mark on the prothorax. This instar lasts a total of 3-4 days with the body length reaching about 14-15mm.

Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 8mm.

Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 11.5mm.

The 4th instar caterpillar resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar closely. In some specimens, the head capsule is no longer entirely black as pale brownish lateral patches can be observed. This penultimate instar lasts 4-5 days with the body length reaching up to 20-21mm.

Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 14mm.

Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 20mm.

As in the 4th instar, the 5th instar caterpillar has a whitish body with a yellowish green undertone. In a prominent change, its head capsule is now pale biege brown in ground colour but dark reddish brown along the periphery and various sulci (groove/furrow). Two reddish brown stripes rise from the adfrontal area, giving the appearance of a chinese character 山. The anal plate is unmarked as in the all previous instars. This final instar takes about 8-10 days to complete with the body length reaching 30-35mm.

Two views of a newly moulted 5th instar caterpillar, length: 20mm.

Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, length: 30.5mm.

Two views of another 5th instar caterpillar, length: 32mm.

Towards the end of 5th instar, the body of the caterpillar shortens in length and body colour assumes a uniform shade of pale lime green. It seeks out the underside of a leaf blade and forms a shallow but half-open shelter with silk threads at both ends. The body excretes a moderate amount of white waxy material at this stage. Within the shelter, a silk girdle and a silk pad are then spun. Once the caterpillar attaches its claspers to the silk pad, it enters the dormant prepupatory phase which lasts about one day.

Two views of a dormant pre-pupa of the Philippine Swift.

The pupa secures itself with the silk girdle and with its cremaster attached to the silk pad. It has a short thorax, a rather long abdomen, a short and pointed rostrum. The marking-free body is lime green in the thorax and wing pads but more yellowish green in the abdomen. Length of pupae: 25-30mm.

Two views of a pupa of a male Philippine Swift, length: 25mm.

After 7-8 days, the pupa becomes mostly black in the thorax and wing pads as the development within comes to an end. The next day, the adult Philippine Swift emerges from the pupa.

A mature pupa of the Philippine Swift.

A newly eclosed Philippine Swift, resting on its pupation shelter.

References:

• [C&P4] The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 1992.
• Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.
• A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore, Khew S.K., Ink On Paper Communications, 2010.

Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Lemon Tea, Tan Ben Jin, Chng CK, Sunny Chir and Horace Tan

Butterfly of the Month - May 2015

Butterfly of the Month - May 2015
The Spotted Black Crow (Euploea crameri bremeri)

The Spotted Black Crow feeding on the flower of the Sea Ox Eye (Melanthera biflora) a "weed" that is found in abundance in back mangrove areas

The month of May saw the weather changing from hot and dry to several days of torrential rain and gloomy weather. The earlier forecast of a dry spell by the National Environment Agency's Meteorological Service was quickly amended to warnings of intermittent thunderstorms and hot humid weather again.

The expected 'butterfly season' this year did not materialise. ButterflyCircle members who were out in the field all reported a rather consistent observation - that there were fewer butterflies at this time of the year compared to previous years. Did any weather phenomenon alter the butterfly activity? Or is this an exceptional year where there is distinctly a lower butterfly count than before? Whether this will continue in the coming years, we will have to continue to observe.

Globally, the wrath of Mother Nature was felt in Nepal, with a major earthquake striking towards the end of April, and another aftershock that occurred on 12 May. Considering the enormity of the earthquake, registering 7.8 on the Moment Magnitude Scale, casualty was around 8,000 fatalities and over 19,000 injured and even more made homeless.

If such an earthquake were to strike a more densely populated city, the casualty rate would have been unimaginable. Still, a life lost is a life lost. And the unfortunate citizens of Nepal who made it through the aftermath of the disaster need a lot of help in picking their lives up. My company organised an in-house donation drive, and managed to raise over S$8,000 for the victims of the quake. A lot more needs to be done, and different groups are organising themselves to give whatever assistance they can - in cash, in kind and other forms of aid.

One of the favourite nectaring source of the Spotted Black Crow is the StringBush (Cordia cylindristachya)

Over in Singapore, the SG50 (celebration of Singapore's 50th anniversary) events continue in various shapes and sizes. Preparation for the 28th South East Asian (SEA) games in Singapore is well under way. The games will commence on 5 Jun till 16 Jun. It has been 22 years since the games were held in Singapore - the last time being in 1993. With Singapore's new Sports Hub and updated facilities since then, the games venues are expected to be more sophisticated.

A Spotted Black Crow feeds on the flower of Bidens pilosa

This month, we feature one of the many "Crow" butterflies of Singapore, the Spotted Black Crow (Euploea crameri bremeri). The Crows from the genus Euploea feature medium-sized butterflies with predominantly dark coloured (navy blue or black) wings. The characteristic black or blue butterflies with prominent white spots and streaks, resembling their avian namesake Crows, probably gave rise to their collective name for this group of butterflies.


A Spotted Black Crow feeding at the flowers of Syzygium zeylanicum

The Spotted Black Crow is moderately rare in Singapore, and often observed singly where it occurs. The adult butterfly has an average wingspan of 70-90mm. It is usually found in forested areas, and particularly near mangrove and coastal areas like Pasir Ris Park, Pulau Ubin and Sg Buloh Wetland Reserve.



Visual ID key to distinguish between the Spotted Black Crow (left) and the Blue Spotted Crow (right)

The Spotted Black Crow's wings are predominantly black on the upperside and underside, except for the series of white marginal and submarginal spots on both the fore and hindwings. There are five apical spots on the forewing, two large and three small elliptical spots. The smallest spot on the forewing is one of the distinguishing features that separate this species from the closely-related Blue Spotted Crow (Euploea midamus singapura).



Unlike some of the other species in the genus, the male Spotted Black Crow does not have a brand on the forewing. The number of white spots on the hindwing and marginal area can be variable, and some individuals can have either missing spots, or larger than usual spots on the hindwings. Females are paler than the males.



Examples of the Spotted Black Crow pudding on damp concrete structure and on a damp sandbank

The butterfly flies and glides unhurriedly whilst looking for flowers to feed on. However, it is very alert and when photographing this species, a slight movement would make the butterfly take off quickly. Occasionally, males can be observed puddling at damp sandbanks and concrete structures in the nature reserves.



When alarmed the male Spotted Black Crow extrudes a pair of yellow hair pencils from its abdomen. These hair pencils are pheromone-signalling structures often present in male Danainae butterflies. Males Danainaes use hair-pencils in courtship behaviours with females. The pheromones excreted by the hair-pencils serve as both aphrodisiacs and tranquilizers to females as well as repellents to conspecific males



The full life history of the Spotted Black Crow has been successfully recorded on this blog, and can be found here. The local caterpillar host plants in Singapore are Gymnanthera oblonga (Apocynaceae, common name: Sea Rubber Vine), Parsonsia helicandra (Apocynaceae). Both plants are lactiferous and are often found in the vicinity of mangrove areas.



The typical colour and spots of the Crows are believed to be aposematic colouration that signal to would-be predators (especially birds) that the butterflies are distasteful and should be avoided.

Text by Khew SK : Photos by Sunny Chir, Chng CK, Jerome Chua, Federick Ho, Khew SK, Loke PF, Horace Tan and Jonathan Soong

Larval Host Plant for Butterflies: The Wild Cinnamon

Butterflies' Larval Host Plants #1
The Wild Cinnamon (Cinnamomum iners)

This 1st instalment of our Butterflies'  Larval Host Plants series features a species of the family Lauraceae, Cinnamomum iners. The genus Cinnamomum comprise over 300 species in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to the presence of aromatic compounds  in leaves and barks, a number of notable Cinnamomum  species have commercial value as spices: 1) Indian bay leaf comes from the species  C. tamala; 2) camphor is derived from C. camphora; and 3) cinnamon is made from inner barks of several species including C. verum (true cinnamon)  and C. iners (the subject of this article).

C. iners is widely planted as ornamentals or as hedges in gardens and parks in Singapore, likely due to its attractive foliage when there is a growth of new leaves of red and pink,. It is native to the Malaya peninsula, Singapore and India, but can be commonly found across the tropical regions. In Singapore, besides gardens and parks, this plant can be found in secondary forests, forest edges, and wastelands.

Plant Biodata :
Family : Lauraceae
Genus : Cinnamomum
Species : iners
Synonyms : C. initidum, C. paraneuron
Country/Region of Origin : Tropical Southeast/South Asia
English Common Names : Clove Cinnamon, Wild Cinnamon
Other Local Names :  Kayu Manis, 大叶桂 , 野樟树
Larval Host for Butterfly Species: Graphium sarpedon luctatius (Common Bluebottle), Chilasa clytia clytia (Common Mime), Cheritra freja frigga (Common Imperial).

A wild cinnamon tree in the Japanese Garden. Left: without new leaf growth. Right: with new leaf growth.

An evergreen, small to medium-sized tree that grows up to 18 m tall, the Wild Cinnamon features ovate-oblong leaves ranging from 8 to 30cm long. The thin and leathery leaves are simple and 3-nerved at base (having three longitudinal veins) and are arranged in opposite pairs. New leaves appears twice or more in each year. The young leaves are initially reddish pink.

The reddish pink young leaves.

Maturing leaves as the reddish coloration fades away.

The reddish and light green young leaves showing the three longitudinal veins.

The maturing leaves are soft and drooping, and light green in colour. Fully matured leaves are stiff and dark green. Traditionally, the leaves  have medicinal uses as treatments for diarrhea, coughs, fever and rheumatism, and as an antidote for poisoning by the latex from the Poison Arrow Tree.

Drooping young/maturing leaves.

Mature leaves of the Wild Cinnamon.

Flowers of the Wild Cinnamon are small, creamy white to yellow and occur in panicles (much-branched inflorescence). These bisexual flowers attract insects such as bees, hoverflies and small beetles to act as pollinators in the reproduction process.

Panicles of flowers of the Wild Cinnamon.

Close up view of the flower buds.

Close up view of the creamy yellow flowers.

The small berry-like fruits are round to oblong, about 1.5x1 cm. They are initially green, but turn dark blue to purple when ripe.

Bunches of fruits of the Wild Cinnamon.

Left: young fruit; Right: mature fruit of the Wild Cinnamon.

In Singapore, the Wild Cinnamon also serves as the larval host plant for three butterfly species: Common Mime, Common Bluebottle and  Common Imperial. The first two are swallowtail species, while the last one is a lycaenid.

A Common Mime butterfly.

A Common Bluebottle butterfly.

A Common Imperial butterfly.

Eggs of these three butterfly species are typically laid by the mother butterfly on the stem/leaves of a young shoot of the Wild Cinnamon, usually when the plant still at the sapling stage, at low heights (knee height to chest level).

A female Common Mime butterfly laying an egg on the underside of a young leaf of the Wild Cinnamon in a wasteland just outside the Dairy Farm Nature Park.

A female Common Bluebottle butterfly laying an egg on the stem of a young shoot of the Wild Cinnamon in the Southern Ridges.

A female Common Imperial butterfly laying an egg on a young leaf of the Wild Cinnamon in the Southern Ridges.

Left: eggs of the Common Mime; Right: an egg of the Common Bluebottle, found on young shoots of the Wild Cinnamon in a western wasteland.

Caterpillars of all three species feed only on young leaves of the Wild Cinnamon, and avoid the fully mature leaves altogether. When resting between feeds, caterpillars of both Common Mime and Common Bluebottle position themselves on the upperside of the leaf, and are thus relatively easy to spot. As a lycaenid, one might expect to find caterpillars of the Common Imperial in the company of attending ants. However, this is not the case as the Common Imperial caterpillar lacks the dorsal nectary organ and tentacular organs typically found in most lycaenid species.

Two eggs and one 1st instar caterpillar of the Common Mime found on together on a young shoot of the Wild Cinnamon in Jurong Eco Garden.

A 2nd instar caterpillar of the Common Mime resting against the mid-rib on the upper surface of a young leaf of the Wild Cinnamon.

A 5th (final) instar caterpillar of the Common Mime found on a leaf of the Wild Cinnamon in the Southern Ridges.

Early instar caterpillars of the Common Bluebottle found on the upperside of young leaves of the Wild Cinnamon in the Telok Blangah Hill Park.

4th instar (left) and 5th instar (right) caterpillars of the Common Bluebottle sighted in Mount Faber.

Caterpillars of the Common Mime typically wander away from the leaves and choose a stem/branch (not necessarily on the same Wild Cinnamon plant it feeds on) as its pupation site. Common Bluebottle caterpillars, on the other hand, could simply choose to pupate on the underside of a leaf or stem of the same Wild Cinnamon plant. In the case of Common Imperial, the pupation site is usually a spot on the stem of the same plant it feeds on.

A pupa of the Common Imperial found in the Southern Ridges.

Two views of a pupa of the Common Bluebottle on the underside of a leaf of the Wild Cinnamon.

Two pupae of the Common Mime on the same branch.

So when you are out in our parks and gardens, take a closer look whenever you encounter the Wild Cinnamon, and you may be pleasantly surprised by the sight of caterpillars or pupae of these three butterfly species, or better still, the sight of a mother butterfly doing its oviposition run. 

References:

• The Concise Flora of Singapore : Hsuan Keng Singapore University Press, 1990.
• 1001 Garden Plants in Singapore : Boo Chih Min, Kartini Omar-Hor and Ou-Yang Chow Lin, National Parks Board, 2nd Edition 2007.
• Flora Singapura - Cinnamomum iners.
• DNA, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum - Cinnamomum iners.
• Cinnamon, Wikipedia.

Text and Photos by Horace Tan.